Tularemia Resource List

Key Resources for the Practicing Clinician
Images
Diagnosis and Management
Postexposure Prophylaxis and Treatment
Epidemiology
Public Health
Laboratory Issues
Pathology

Key Resources for the Practicing Clinician

Dennis DT, Inglesby TV, Henderson DA, et al. Tularemia as a biological weapon: medical and public health management. JAMA 2001 Jun 6;285(21):2763-73 [Full text]

Jensen WA, Kirsch CM. Tularemia. Semin Respir Infect 2003;18(3):146-58 [Abstract]

University of Pittsburgh Medical Center: Center for Biosecurity. [Tularemia fact sheet]

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Images

Skin lesions and histology (Public Health Image Library) [Web site]

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Diagnosis and Management

Butler T. Plague and tularemia. Ped Clin North America 1979;26(2):355-65

Dennis DT, Inglesby TV, Henderson DA, et al. Tularemia as a biological weapon: medical and public health management. JAMA 2001 Jun 6;285(21):2763-73 [Full text]

Evans ME, Gregory DW, Schaffner W, et al. Tularemia: a 30-year experience with 88 cases. Medicine 1985;64(4):251-69 [Abstract]

Fredricks DN, Remington JS. Tularemia presenting as community-acquired pneumonia. Implications in the era of managed care. Arch Intern Med 1996;156(18):2137-40 [Abstract]

Halperin SA, Gast T, Ferrieri P. Oculoglandular syndrome caused by Francisella tularensis. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 1985;24(9):520-2

Jacobs RF, Condrey YM, Yamauchi T. Tularemia in adults and children: a changing presentation. Pediatrics 1985;76(5):818-22 [Abstract]

Luotonen J, Syrjala H, Jokinen K, et al. Tularemia in otolaryngologic practice. An analysis of 127 cases. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1986;112(1):77-80 [Abstract]

Miller RP, Bates JH. Pleuropulmonary tularemia. A review of 29 patients. Am Rev Respir Dis 1969;99(1):31-41

Ortego TJ, Hutchins LF, Rice J, et al. Tularemic hepatitis presenting as obstructive jaundice. Gastroenterology 1986;91(2):461-3 [Abstract]

Overholt EL, Tibertt WD, Kadull PJ, et al. An analysis of forty-two cases of laboratory-acquired tularemia. Am J Med 1961;30:785-806

Penn RL, Kinasewitz GT. Factors associated with a poor outcome in tularemia. Arch Intern Med 1987;147(2):265-8 [Abstract]

Rohrbach BW, Westerman E, Istre GR. Epidemiology and clinical characteristics of tularemia in Oklahoma, 1979 to 1985. South Med J 1991;84(9):1091-6 [Abstract]

Roy TM, Fleming D, Anderson WH. Tularemic pneumonia mimicking Legionnaires' disease with false-positive direct fluorescent antibody stains for Legionella. South Med J 1989;82(11):1429-31 [Abstract]

Rubin SA. Radiographic spectrum of pleuropulmonary tularemia. Am J Roentgenol 1978;131(2):277-81

Sanders CV, Hahn R. Analysis of 106 cases of tularemia. J La State Med Soc 1968;120(9):391-3

Stuart BM, Pullen RL. Tularemic meningitis: review of the literature and report of a case with postmortem observations. Arch Intern Med 1945;76:163-6

Sunderrajan EV, Hutton J, Marienfeld D. Adult respiratory distress syndrome secondary to tularemia pneumonia. Arch Intern Med 1985;145:1435-7

Tyson HK. Tularemia: an unappreciated cause of exudative pharyngitis. Pediatrics 1976;58(6):864-6

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Postexposure Prophylaxis and Treatment

Baker CN, Hollis DG, Thornsberry C. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Francisella tularensis with a modified Mueller-Hinton broth. J Clin Microbiol 1985;22(2):212-5

Enderlin G, Morales L, Jacobs RF, et al. Streptomycin and alternative agents for the treatment of tularemia: review of the literature. Clin Infect Dis 1994;19(1):42-7 [Abstract]

Ikaheimo I, Syrjala H, Karhukorpi J, et al. In vitro antibiotic susceptibility of Francisella tularensis isolated from humans and animals. J Antimicrob Chemother 2000;46(2):287-90 [Full text]

Johansson A, Berglund L, Gothefors L, et al. Ciprofloxacin for treatment of tularemia in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2000;19(5):449-53 [Abstract]

Johansson A, Urich SK, Chu MC, et al. In vitro susceptibility to quinolones of Francisella tularensis subspecies tularensis. Scand J Infect Dis 2002;34(5):327-30 [Abstract]

Limaye AP, Hooper CJ. Treatment of tularemia with fluoroquinolones: two cases and review. Clin Infect Dis 1999;29(4):922-4 [Abstract]

Mason WL, Eigelsbach HT, Little SF, et al. Treatment of tularemia, including pulmonary tularemia, with gentamicin. Am Rev Respir Dis1980;121:39-45

Sawyer WD, Dangerfield HG, Hogge AL, et al. Antibiotic prophylaxis and therapy of airborne tularemia. Bacteriol Rev 1966;30:542-8
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Epidemiology

Avashia SB, Petersen, JM, Lindley CM, et al. First reported prairie dog-to-human tularemia transmission, Texas, 2002. Emerg Infect Dis 2004 Mar;10(3):483-6 [Full text]

Christenson B. An outbreak of tularemia in the northern part of central Sweden. Scand J Infect Dis 1984;16(3):285-90 [Abstract]

Dahlstrand S, Ringertz O, Zetterberg B. Airborne tularemia in Sweden. Scand J Infect Dis 1971;3:7-16

Eliasson H, Lindback JH, Nuorti JP, et al. The 2000 tularemia outbreak: a case-control study of risk factors in disease-endemic and emergent areas, Sweden. Emerg Infect Dis 2002;8(9):956-60 [Full text]

Ellis J, Oyston PCF, Green M, et al. Tularemia. Clin Microbiol Rev 2002;15(4):631-46 [Abstract]

Feldman KA, Enscore RE, Lathrop SL, et al. An outbreak of primary pneumonic tularemia on Martha's Vineyard. N Engl J Med 2001;345(22):1601-6 [Full text]

Feldman KA, Stiles-Enos D, Julian K, et al. Tularemia on Martha's Vineyard: seroprevalence and occupational risk. Emerg Infect Dis 2003 Mar;9(3):350-4 [Full text]

Greco D, Allegrini G, Tizzi T, et al. A waterborne tularemia outbreak.
Eur J Epidemiol 1987;3(1):35-8 [Abstract]

Hopla CE. The ecology of tularemia. Adv Vet Sci Comp Med 1974;18:25-53

Jensen WA, Kirsch CM. Tularemia. Semin Respir Infect 2003;18(3):146-58 [Abstract]

Klock LE, Olsen PF, Fukushima T. Tularemia epidemic associated with the deerfly. JAMA. 1973 Oct 8;226(2):149-52

Liles WC, Burger RJ. Tularemia from domestic cats. West J Med 1993;158(6):619-22

Markowitz LE, Hynes NA, de la Cruz P, et al. Tick-borne tularemia: an outbreak of lymphadenopthy in children. JAMA 1985;254(20):2922-5 [Abstract]

Mignani E, Palmieri E, Fontana M, et al. Italian epidemic of waterborne tularaemia. Lancet 1988;2(8625):1423

Perez-Castrillon JL, Bachiller-Luque P, Martin-Luquero M, et al. Tularemia epidemic in northwestern Spain: clinical description and therapeutic response. Clin Infect Dis 2001;33(4):573-6 [Abstract]

Reintjes R, Dedusha I, Gjini A, et al. Tularemia outbreak investigation in Kosovo: case control and environmental studies. Emerg Infect Dis 2002 Jan;8(1):69-73 [Full text]

Rohrbach BW, Westerman E, Istre GR. Epidemiology and clinical characteristics of tularemia in Oklahoma, 1979 to 1985. South Med J 1991;84(9):1091-6 [Abstract]

Schmid GP, Kornblatt AN, Connors CA, et al. Clinically mild tularemia associated with tick-borne Francisella tularensis. J Infect Dis 1983;148(1):63-7 [Abstract]

Syrjala H, Kujala P, Myllyla V, et al. Airborne transmission of tularemia in farmers. Scand J Infect Dis 1985;17:371-5

Young LS, Bicknell DS, Archer BG, et al. Tularemia epidemic: Vermont 1968. Forty-seven cases linked to contact with muskrats. N Engl J Med 1969;280(23):1253-60

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Public Health

Avashia SB, Petersen, JM, Lindley CM, et al. First reported prairie dog-to-human tularemia transmission, Texas, 2002. Emerg Infect Dis 2004 Mar;10(3):483-6 [Full text]

CDC. Medical examiners, coroners, and biologic terrorism: a guidebook for surveillance and case management. MMWR 2004 Jun 11;53(RR08):1-36 [Full text]

CDC. Outbreak of tularemia among commercially distributed prairie dogs, 2002. MMWR 2002;51(31):688,699 [Full text]

Dembek ZF, Buchman RL, Fowler SK, et al. Missed sentinel case of naturally occurring pneumonic tularemia outbreak: lessons for detection of bioterrorism. J Am Board Fam Pract 2003 Jul-Aug;16(4):339-42 [Full text]

Dennis DT, Inglesby TV, Henderson DA, et al. Tularemia as a biological weapon: medical and public health management. JAMA 2001 Jun 6;285(21):2763-73 [Full text]

University of Pittsburgh Medical Center: Center for Biosecurity. [Tularemia fact sheet]

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Laboratory Issues

ASM. Sentinel laboratory guidelines for suspected agents of bioterrorism: packing and shipping infectious substances, diagnostic specimens, and biological agents [Web page]

Baker CN, Hollis DG, Thornsberry C. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Francisella tularensis with a modified Mueller-Hinton broth. J Clin Microbiol 1985;22(2):212-5

Bernard K, Tessier S, Winstanley J, et al. Early recognition of atypical Francisella tularensis strains lacking a cysteine requirement. J Clin Microbiol 1994;32(2):551-3 [Abstract]

CDC. Biosafety in microbiological and biomedical laboratories (BMBL). Ed 4, April 1999 [Full text]

CDC. Facts about the Laboratory Response Network [Web page]

CDC. Laboratory Information > Biosafety > Vaccines [Table]

CDC. Laboratory security and emergency response guidance for laboratories working with select agents. MMWR 2002 Dec 6;51(RR-19):1-6 [Full text]

CDC. Level A laboratory procedures for identification of Francisella tularensis. Laboratory Response Network. Rev Dec 13, 2001 [Full text]

CDC. Select Agent Program [Web page]

Cepheid. Cepheid ships field-ready DNA test kits jointly developed with USAMRIID for four bio-threat agents. Jan 7, 2002 [Press release]

Clarridge JE 3rd, Raich TJ, Sjosted A, et al. Characterization of two unusual clinically significant Francisella strains. J Clin Microbiol 1996;34(8):1995-2000 [Full text]

de la Puente-Redondo VA, del Blanco NG, Gutierrez-Martin CB, et al. Comparison of different PCR approaches for typing of Francisella tularensis strains. J Clin Microbiol 2000;38(3):1016-22 [Full text]

DHHS. 42 CFR Part 73: Possession, use, and transfer of select agents and toxins. Interim Final Rule. Fed Reg 2002 Dec 13;240(67):76885-905 [Full text]

Dolan SA, Dommaraju CB, DeGuzman GB. Detection of Francisella tularensis in clinical specimens by use of polymerase chain reaction. (Brief report) Clin Infect Dis 1998 Mar;26(3):764-5 [Listing with link to pdf]

Emanuel PA, Bell R, Dang JL, et al. Detection of Francisella tularensis within infected mouse tissues by using a hand-held PCR thermocycler. J Clin Microbiol 2003;41(2):689-93 [Abstract]

Farlow J, Smith KL, Wong J, et al. Francisella tularensis strain typing using multiple-locus, variable-number tandem repeat analysis. J Clin Microbiol 2001;39(9):3186-92 [Full text]

Forsman M, Sandstrom G, Sjostedt A. Analysis of 16S ribosomal DNA sequences of Francisella strains and utilization for determination of the phylogeny of the genus and for identification of strains by PCR. Int J Syst Bacteriol 1994;44(1):38-46 [Abstract]

Grunow R, Splettstoesser W, McDonald S, et al. Detection of Francisella tularensis in biological specimens using a capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, an immunochromatographic handheld assay, and a PCR. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2000;7(1):86-90 [Full text]

Higgins JA, Hubalek Z, Halouzka J, et al. Detection of Francisella tularensis in infected mammals and vectors using a probe-based polymerase chain reaction. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2000;62(2):310-8 [Abstract]

Ikaheimo I, Syrjala H, Karhukorpi J, et al. In vitro antibiotic susceptibility of Francisella tularensis isolated from humans and animals. J Antimicrob Chemother 2000;46(2):287-90 [Full text]

Johansson A, Berglund L, Eriksson U, et al. Comparative analysis of PCR versus culture for diagnosis of ulceroglandular tularemia. J Clin Microbiol 2000;38(1):22-6 [Full text]

Johansson A, Urich SK, Chu MC, et al. In vitro susceptibility to quinolones of Francisella tularensis subspecies tularensis. Scand J Infect Dis 2002;34(5):327-30 [Abstract]

Karlsson J, Prior RG, Williams K, et al. Sequencing of the Francisella tularensis strain Schu 4 genome reveals the shikimate and purine metabolic pathways, targets for the construction of a rationally attenuated auxotrophic vaccine. Microb Comp Genomics 2000;5(1):25-39 [Abstract]

Overholt EL, Tibertt WD, Kadull PJ, et al. An analysis of forty-two cases of laboratory-acquired tularemia. Am J Med 1961;30:785-806

Pavlov VM, Mokrievich AN, Volkovoy K. Cryptic plasmid pFNL10 from Francisella novicida-like F6168: the base of plasmid vectors for Francisella tularensis. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 1996;13(3):253-6 [Abstract]

Peruski AH, Johnson LH 3rd, Peruski LF Jr. Rapid and sensitive detection of biological warfare agents using time-resolved fluorescence assays. J Immunol Methods 2002;263(1-2):35-41 [Full text]

Pike RM. Laboratory-associated infections: summary and analysis of 3921 cases. Health Lab Sci 1976;13(2):105-14

Prior RG, Klasson L, Larsson P, et al. Preliminary analysis and annotation of the partial genome sequence of Francisella tularensis strain Schu 4. J Appl Microbiol 2001 Oct;91(4):614-20 [Full text]

Sandstrom G, Sjostedt A, Forsman M, et al. Characterization and classification of strains of Francisella tularensis isolated in the central Asian focus of the Soviet Union and in Japan. J Clin Microbiol 1992;30(1):172-5 [Abstract]

Sewell DL. Laboratory safety practices associated with potential agents of biocrime or bioterrorism. J Clin Microbiol 2003 Jul;41(7):2801-9 [Abstract]

Shapiro DS, Schwartz DR. Exposure of laboratory workers to Francisella tularensis despite a bioterrorism procedure. J Clin Microbiol 2002;40(6):2278-81 [Abstract]

Thomas R, Johansson A, Neeson B, et al. Discrimination of human pathogenic subspecies of Francisella tularensis by using restriction fragment length polymorphism. J Clin Microbiol 2003 Jan;41(1):50-7 [Abstract]

Versage JL, SEverin DD, Chu MC, et al. Development of a multitarget real-time TaqMan PCR assay for enhanced detection of Francisella tularensis in complex specimens. J Clin Microbiol 2003;41(12):5492-9 [Abstract]

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Pathology

Conlan JW, Chen W, Shen H, et al. Experimental tularemia in mice challenged by aerosol or intradermally with virulent strains of Francisella tularensis: bacteriologic and histopathologic studies. Microb Pathog 2003 May;34(5):239-48 [Abstract]

Lillie RD, Francis E. The pathology of tularaemia in man (Homo sapiens). In: The pathology of tularaemia. Washington, DC: National Institutes of Health, 1937. NIH Bulletin No. 167:1-81

Sjostedt A. Virulence determinants and protective antigens of Francisella tularensis. Curr Opin Microbiol 2003 Feb;6(1):66-71 [Abstract]

Sutinen S, Syrjala H. Histopathology of human lymph node tularemia caused by Francisella tularensis var palaearctica. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1986;110(1):42-6 [Abstract]

Syrjala H, Sutinen S, Jokinen K, et al. Bronchial changes in airborne tularemia. J Laryngol Otol 1986;100(10):1169-76 [Abstract]

Titball RW, Johansson A, Forsman M. Will the enigma of Francisella tularensis virulence soon be solved? Trends Microbiol 2003 Mar;11(3):118-23 [Abstract]

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